Septic Systems
Septic
systems treat and disperse relatively small volumes of wastewater from
individual or small numbers of homes and commercial buildings. Septic system
regulation is usually a state, tribal, and local responsibility. EPA
provides information to homeowners and assistance to state and local
governments to improve the management of septic systems to prevent failures
that could harm human health and water quality. 
Information for Homeowners
If your septic tank failed, or you know someone whose did, you are not alone. As a homeowner, you are responsible for maintaining your septic system. Proper septic system maintenance will help keep your system from failing and will help maintain your investment in your home. Failing septic systems can contaminate the ground water that you or your neighbors drink and can pollute nearby rivers, lakes and coastal waters.
Ten
simple steps you can take to keep your septic
system working properly.
- Locate your septic tank and drainfield. Keep a drawing of these locations in your records.
- Have your septic system inspected at least every three years.
- Pump your septic tank as needed (generally every three to five years).
- Don't dispose of household hazardous wastes in sinks or toilets.
- Keep other household items, such as dental floss, feminine hygiene products, condoms, diapers, and cat litter out of your system.
- Use water efficiently.
- Plant only grass over and near your septic system. Roots from nearby trees or shrubs might clog and damage the system. Also, do not apply manure or fertilizers over the drainfield.
- Keep vehicles and livestock off your septic system. The weight can damage the pipes and tank, and your system may not drain properly under compacted soil.
- Keep gutters and basement sump pumps from draining into or near your septic system.
- Check with your local health department before using additives. Commercial septic tank additives do not eliminate the need for periodic pumping and can be harmful to your system.
How does it work?
A typical septic system has four main components: a pipe from
the home, a septic tank, a drainfield, and 
the soil. Microbes in the soil digest or remove most contaminants from
wastewater before it eventually reaches groundwater. The septic tank is a
buried, watertight container typically made of concrete, fiberglass, or
polyethylene. It holds the wastewater long enough to allow solids to settle
out (forming sludge) and oil and grease to float to the surface (as scum).
It also allows partial decomposition of the solid materials. Compartments
and a T-shaped outlet in the septic tank prevent the sludge and scum from
leaving the tank and traveling into the drainfield area. Screens are also
recommended to keep solids from entering the drainfield. The wastewater
exits the septic tank and is discharged into the drainfield for further
treatment by the soil. Microorganisms in the soil provide final treatment by
removing harmful bacteria, viruses, and nutrients.
the soil. Microbes in the soil digest or remove most contaminants from
wastewater before it eventually reaches groundwater. The septic tank is a
buried, watertight container typically made of concrete, fiberglass, or
polyethylene. It holds the wastewater long enough to allow solids to settle
out (forming sludge) and oil and grease to float to the surface (as scum).
It also allows partial decomposition of the solid materials. Compartments
and a T-shaped outlet in the septic tank prevent the sludge and scum from
leaving the tank and traveling into the drainfield area. Screens are also
recommended to keep solids from entering the drainfield. The wastewater
exits the septic tank and is discharged into the drainfield for further
treatment by the soil. Microorganisms in the soil provide final treatment by
removing harmful bacteria, viruses, and nutrients.
Your septic system is your responsibility!
Did you know that as a homeowner you’re responsible for
maintaining your septic system? Did you know that maintaining your septic
system protects your investment in your home? Did you know that you should
periodically inspect your system and pump out your septic tank? If properly
designed, constructed, and maintained, your septic system can provide
long-term, effective treatment of household wastewater. If your septic
system isn’t maintained, you might need to replace it, costing you
thousands of dollars. A malfunctioning system can contaminate groundwater
that might be a source of drinking water. And if you sell your home, your
septic system must be in good working order.
Pump frequently...
You should have your septic system inspected at least every
3 years by a professional and your tank pumped as necessary (generally
every 3 to 5 years).
Use water efficiently...
Average indoor water use in the typical single-family home
is almost 70 gallons per person per day. Dripping faucets can waste about
2,000 gallons of water each year. Leaky toilets can waste as much as 200
gallons each day. The more water a household conserves, the less water
enters the septic system.
Flush responsibly...
Dental floss, feminine hygiene products, condoms, diapers,
cotton swabs, cigarette butts, coffee grounds, cat litter, paper towels,
and other kitchen and bathroom items can clog and potentially damage
septic system components. Flushing household chemicals, gasoline, oil,
pesticides, antifreeze and paint can stress or destroy the biological
treatmen taking place in the system or might 
contaminate surface waters and groundwater.
contaminate surface waters and groundwater.
How do I maintain my septic
system?
- Plant only grass over and near your septic system. Roots from nearby trees or shrubs might clog and damage the drainfield.
- Don’t drive or park vehicles on any part of your septic system. Doing so can compact the soil in your drainfield or damage the pipes, tank, or other septic system components.
- Keep roof drains, basement sump pump drains, and other rainwater or surface water drainage systems away from the drainfield. Flooding the drainfield with excessive water slows down or stops treatment processes and can cause plumbing fixtures to back up.
Why should I maintain my septic system?
A key reason to maintain your septic system is to save money!
Failing septic systems are expensive to repair or replace, and poor
maintenance is often the culprit. Having your septic system inspected (at
least every 3 years) is a bargain when you consider the cost of replacing
the entire system. Your system will need pumping every 3 to 5 years,
depending on how many people live in the house and the size of the system.
An unusable septic system or one in disrepair will lower your property’s
value and could pose a legal liability. Other good reasons for safe
treatment of sewage include preventing the spread of infection an disease
and protecting water resources. Typical pollutants in household wastewater
are nitrogen phosphorus, and disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Nitrogen
and phosphorus are aquati plant nutrients that can cause unsightly algae
blooms. Excessive nitrate-nitrogen in drinking wate can cause pregnancy
complications, as well as methemoglobinemia (also known as blue baby
syndrome) in infancy. Pathogens can cause communicable diseases through
direct or indirect body contact or ingestion of contaminated water or
shellfish. If a septic system is working properly, it will effectively
remove most of these pollutants.
